This study aims to quantify the cost implications of construction plant and equipment utilization in building projects within Enugu Metropolis. Recognizing that the efficient deployment of such resources is paramount for achieving cost-effective outcomes, this research meticulously examines the direct and indirect financial impacts associated with various plant and equipment strategies. The investigation identifies prevalent types of construction machinery in the region and analyzes the cost-effectiveness of different selection and procurement methods, including both traditional and modern approaches, specifically in relation to their influence on overall project expenditure and financial viability. Through the rigorous analysis of empirical data collected from ongoing construction projects in Enugu Metropolis, this study demonstrates how optimized equipment deployment directly contributes to mitigating project expenses and enhancing financial efficiency. Employing a descriptive research design, the study gathered data from a purposively selected sample of 52 participants with direct involvement in regional construction activities. Statistical analysis, utilizing the Chi-square test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, was conducted to establish and quantify the relationships between equipment use and project costs. Key recommendations derived from these findings include prioritizing the availability of essential equipment (e.g., excavators, bulldozers, dump trucks), implementing continuous training programs to maximize cost-efficient equipment operation, and advocating for environmentally sustainable practices that concurrently reduce operational costs and ecological footprint.

Plants normally take up nutrients, as well as pollutants from the soil, which they can biaccumulate. Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) is one of the highly cultivated and commercial green leafy vegetables with general acceptance in many states in Nigeria including Anambra state. The soil environment where green vegetables are planted and harvested in Nigeria, exposes them to contaminations by various heavy metals. Polluted air is one principal source of heavy metal contamination of soil, as metals are liberated into the atmosphere and laid on nearby road side soils due to automobile emissions This study investigated the levels of some heavy metals in fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves, and their potential health risks to consumers within Anambra State, Nigeria, while further comparing the quantities between urban and rural areas and between three geopolitical zones in the state. Heavy metals were analyzed using standard atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. All the detected heavy metals had their concentrations above acceptable limits, and posed significant health risks. The urban vegetable samples had higher amounts of the heavy metals than the rural vegetable samples. The results also showed that the mean values of lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium and arsenic in the selected urban and rural vegetable samples were not significantly different (p>0.05). This study highlighted the need for enhanced regulatory frameworks, steady monitoring of heavy metal content of plants, intensive awareness campaigns, and the promotion of safer methods of cultivation or handling of leafy vegetables, without exposure to pollution by heavy metals in urban and rural settings.

The Protestant Work Ethic (PWE), traditionally associated with Western religious thought, emphasises values such as hard work, discipline, frugality, self-reliance, and moral responsibility in economic life. Although rooted in Protestant theology, elements of the Protestant Work Ethic appear increasingly visible in contemporary Ghanaian society, where religious commitment, entrepreneurial activity, and economic aspiration intersect. Ghana, a deeply religious society with a growing Protestant and Pentecostal population, presents a unique context in which religious teachings, cultural norms, and economic realities may jointly influence attitudes toward work and productivity. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to examine the religious, cultural, and economic motivations driving the adoption of Protestant Work Ethic values among Ghanaians. The research combines quantitative survey data assessing work ethic orientation with qualitative interviews exploring lived experiences and motivational narratives. While prior scholarship links the Protestant Work Ethic to Western industrial development, limited research has examined its contemporary manifestation within African socio-religious contexts. By integrating statistical analysis with in-depth qualitative inquiry, the study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of how religious belief systems, cultural expectations, and economic pressures shape work-related values in Ghana. The findings aim to contribute to scholarship on religion and economic behaviour, work ethics in developing societies, and the evolving relationship between faith and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Wound healing is a biological process required effective therapeutic agents like anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial property.Tridax Procumbens are also known as dagdi pala. It's a really useful therapeutic plant. It is applied to the management of wound healing.Tridax procumbens contain flavonoids tannins terpenoids and alkaloids. They act as a stabilizing agents. These biodegradable nanoparticle are a prospective alternative for typical wound care therapies due to their enhanced antibacterial properties rapid healing and enhanced wound concentration. This emerging approach are contribute the cost effective and biocompatible wound care technique. It is also eco-friendly. It is commonly used in Indian Ayurveda system of medicine for the treatment of Diarrhea, wound healing, for the hair treatment. The leaf juice is used for checking blood from injuries and cuts.it helps to repair a tissue and it is also good for kidney health. The plant is regional to India, and tropical Africa. It is a wild herb species occurs over India. Traditionally Tridax Procumbens is applied in its raw form.

Antifeedant chemicals represent a promising avenue for developing sustainable pest management strategies by exploiting the secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the antifeedant activity of two aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family—Coleus aromaticus (Patharchur) and Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil)—against Diacrisia obliqua, commonly known as the Bihar hairy caterpillar, a polyphagous pest of soybean and oilseed crops. The antifeedant efficacy was tested at varying concentrations (50%, 25%, and 12.5%) on larvae of D. obliqua. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent feeding deterrence, with 50% concentration of Ocimum basilicum extract completely inhibiting feeding activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins as key bioactive constituents. Spectral analysis (IR, NMR) and chromatographic studies identified the active principle as Olean-11-ene-27-oic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene belonging to the β-amyrin series. The percentage yield was maximum in aqueous extraction (17.37% for Ocimum basilicum), followed by methanol and chloroform. These findings suggest that plant-derived antifeedants could serve as effective alternatives to chemical pesticides in integrated pest management programs for oilseed crop protection.

Precision agriculture has emerged as a crucial approach to optimize crop yield while minimizing environmental impact. This research presents a comprehensive AI-based fertilizer recommendation system specifically designed for tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum). We developed and compared multiple machine learning and deep learning models to predict optimal fertilizer types and quantities based on soil parameters, environmental conditions, and growth stages. Using a synthetically generated dataset of 5,000 samples incorporating domain knowledge from agricultural science, we evaluated traditional machine learning algorithms (Linear Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost) against deep learning models implemented in PyTorch. The XGBoost regressor achieved an exceptional R² score of 0.965 for fertilizer quantity prediction, while the XGBoost classifier demonstrated 98.5% accuracy in fertilizer type recommendation. The proposed system provides farmers with highly accurate data-driven fertilizer recommendations, potentially reducing over-fertilization by 30-35% while maintaining optimal crop nutrition. This research contributes to sustainable agriculture by integrating AI with domain-specific agricultural knowledge, achieving state-of-the-art performance in precision fertilization.

The proposed One Nation, One Election policy seeks to synchronize elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies to streamline governance and reduce election-related costs. While proponents argue that it enhances administrative efficiency and curbs electoral disruptions, this paper critically examines its adverse effects on Indian democracy. The policy risks undermining federalism by diminishing the autonomy of state governments, leading to a centralization of power. Additionally, it may weaken electoral accountability, as simultaneous elections could reduce the frequency of voter engagement with governance issues. The disproportionate advantage to national parties over regional ones may further erode political diversity, disrupting India’s multiparty system. Through a detailed analysis of constitutional, political, and logistical challenges, this study highlights the policy’s potential to weaken democratic decentralization and electoral fairness. The paper concludes that while electoral reforms are necessary, a One Nation, One Election framework may pose significant risks to India’s democratic fabric.

"In the digital age, the role of the teacher is not to compete with technology, but to master it, transforming themselves into guides who help students navigate a complex world with wisdom and ethical judgment."
Adapted from UNESCO

Milk oligosaccharides (MOs) represent a structurally diverse group of complex glycans that have emerged as highly promising bioactive molecules in modern therapeutics. Naturally abundant in human milk and present in varying concentrations in bovine, caprine, and other mammalian milks, these indigestible carbohydrates exert multifaceted biological functions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, particularly Bifidobacterium spp., while inhibiting pathogen adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells through receptor mimicry. Beyond their prebiotic role, MOs modulate immune responses by influencing cytokine production, Toll-like receptor signaling, and NF-κB pathways, thereby contributing to anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects. Recent studies also indicate their involvement in neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis and in reducing the risk of allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic disorders. Advances in enzymatic synthesis, microbial fermentation, and glycoengineering have facilitated scalable production, accelerating their incorporation into functional foods, nutraceuticals, and targeted pharmaceutical formulations. Collectively, milk oligosaccharides hold strong potential as next-generation therapeutics for precision nutrition and disease prevention.

Mulk Raj Anand's Literature does not only signify a Literary contribution but in correlation with the pressing social issues existing at the time namely, highly hierarchical caste systems and economic disparity entrenched in Indian society whose ill effects were widely visible among indigenous people. To expose how personal experiences help expose the inherent brutality of social structures in Indian society, Anand's novels like Untouchable (1935) and Coolie (1936) focus on the lived realities of these dispossessed people through characters Bakha and Munoo. Untouchability is not merely a cultural or religious practice: it represents an entrenched economic and mental architecture for the maintenance of social hierarchy. Through Bakha's daily trials and the fraudulent moral verdicts Nevertheless, Anand's representation of class wars is broader than only caste-based jobs; it also tells the story of a wider colonial framework that uses workers. Through Munoo's various it helps, Anand challenges claims of the caste system being valid in traditional Indian society. to serving as a Coolie demonstrate how to be ostracized based on your caste strongly corresponds with being discriminated against due to your class, which creates an ongoing feeling of financial precarity. By placing his characters in a rapidly modernizing and economically but paradoxical world, Anand calls out the problem in trying to develop without equity for all unaltered India. If we are going to truly understand the lives of those less fortunate, we’ve got to look at his commentary on class instead of serendipity.